"Everything measured, everyone compared, nothing fragmented."
This file consolidates the published Code DNA forensics (real source code pulled from bitcoin v0.1, bitcoinj, rippled, and stellar-core), the classic suspect board, and the Michael Peirce inquiry (232-page thesis stylometry + the book test + the code hunt) into one comparison. Companion file: the-michael-file.html (full dossier, v3).
| Candidate | British English | Timezone fit | Windows- first |
C++ hands | Formatting fingerprint | "double- spending" hyphen |
Formal register | Knowledge canon / blind spots | PoW philosophy |
E-cash prereqs | Opsec / invisibility | Behavior vs the silence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SATOSHIthe reference | British ("optimise", "bloody hard") | quiet 05–11 UTC | Windows-first client | C++98, self-contained | 4-space · Allman · spaced ops · error() | hyphenated, always | zero contractions, "we" | academic-side blind spots: had to be told of hashcash & b-money | PoW is the heart | total command of prior failures | absolute, 15+ yrs | 1.1M BTC never moved |
| MICHAEL PEIRCEDublin academic | ●measured: optimise 53:2, behaviour 7:0, favour 2:0 | ◐Dublin UTC+0 — the GMT night-owl reading | ◐2000 thesis rig: Windows NT 4.0 (Linux ×0). BUT 1995 PayMe: C++/Unix on Sun cluster. Platform follows available infrastructure — signal weaker than first scored | ●VERIFIED (TCD-CS-96-21, verbatim): 1995 PayMe "prototype was implemented in a C++/Unix environment" — coins, wallets, banks, signed receipts, double-spend DB, PgpTools/RSA/IDEA. Plus Crypto++ benchmarking 2000. Thirteen years of e-cash implementation history pre-whitepaper | ?no source located — UML only | ✕measured: "double spending" 26:0 unhyphenated | ●measured: contractions 0; "We" 193 : "I" 7 | ●●measured: Chaum/Rivest canon; hashcash ×0, b-money ×0 in thesis AND 2001 book (control verified). Knew only the published layer (Dai's library, Szabo's essay) — Satoshi's exact boundary | ◐hash chain ×109 — the substrate, pre-PoW | ●●co-wrote the standard e-payments reference | ?CORRECTED: low public footprint is cohort-normal for era academics — not a distinctive Satoshi-like pattern. Prior "suggestive" scoring was an over-read | ?2008–11 professional life unknown |
| SCHWARTZRipple CTO · public board | ✕American | ◐US | ◐ | ●elite C++ (rippled) | ✕measured 2012: TABS; braces ● but while(!x), node=stack.top() compression | — | ✕prolific, playful public voice | ✕cypherpunk-adjacent, knew the scene | ✕built the anti-mining ledger | ◐1988 distributed-computing patent | ✕very public figure | ✕JoelKatz learns Bitcoin in public, 2011 |
| HEARNbitcoinj · public board | ●British | ✕Zurich + Google day job | ✕ | ✕Java-native | ✕measured 2011: tabs, K&R, if(x)return null; | — | ◐ | ✕learned Bitcoin from outside, 2009 | ●true PoW believer | ◐ | ✕fully public | ✕EXCULPATED BY INBOX — dozens of emails FROM Satoshi; sold at $400 and quit |
| McCALEBeDonkey/Mt.Gox · public board | ✕American | ◐ | ✕ | ●C++ (eDonkey, stellar-core) | ◐measured 2015: 4-space/Allman (clang-format caveat), if(x) compression | — | ✕commit voice: "better log msgs", "- to _" | ✕ | ✕left PoW behind twice | ●shipped planet-scale P2P pre-2008 | ✕ | ✕ran Mt. Gox during the Satoshi window; sells publicly |
| BRITTOXRPL co-architect · public board | ? | ? | ? | ? | ?no public corpus exists — confirmed | — | ? | ? | ✕anti-mining ledger | ◐ | ●the only public-board candidate with Satoshi-grade invisibility | ? |
Michael is the only candidate with a double-column strength (knowledge blind-spots + e-cash prerequisites) AND a measured Windows match — and the only one whose weakest column is "unknown" rather than "mismatch." That asymmetry is why he stays interesting: the others fail tests; he mostly hasn't taken them yet. The hyphen tell is his one taken-and-failed test.
| Candidate | Core case for | Core case against | Standing verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| NICK SZABO | bit gold; closest stylometric match; law+CS register | denies; bit gold uncited; no code artifacts; American English | PRIME STYLOMETRIC MATCH — UNPROVEN |
| ADAM BACK | hashcash cited in whitepaper; British; NYT named him (Apr 2026) | the Aug 2008 emails are theater if he's Satoshi; Unix C style; denies (again, 2026) | INFLUENCE, NOT AUTHORSHIP |
| HAL FINNEY | first tx recipient; RPOW; Temple City coincidence | denied before death; race alibi; genuine-user emails | FIRST BELIEVER, NOT FOUNDER |
| WEI DAI | b-money cited first | learned of citation via Back; denies | UNLIKELY |
| CRAIG WRIGHT | claimed it | UK High Court 2024: not Satoshi; forgery at scale | RULED OUT BY COURT |
| LEN SASSAMAN | timeline of his 2011 death | Belgian clock; no artifact match | TIMELINE POETRY |
| DORIAN NAKAMOTO | the name | everything else; "I am not Dorian Nakamoto" | DEBUNKED — AND THE CAUTIONARY TALE THIS FILE OBEYS |
bool CTransaction::AddToMemoryPool()
{
CRITICAL_BLOCK(cs_mapTransactions)
{
for (int i = 0; i < vin.size(); i++)
...
return error("AcceptTransaction() : ...");
4 spaces · Allman · spaced operators · Hungarian · error()
void SHAMap::dirtyUp(...)
{
while(!stack.empty())
{
SHAMapTreeNode::pointer node=stack.top();
assert(branch>=0);
TABS ✕ · Allman ● · compressed ops ✕ · mSeq dialect ◐ · assert-heavy ✕ · boost ✕
private InetSocketAddress nextPeer() throws ... {
if(pnseedIndex >= seedAddrs.length)return null;
return new InetSocketAddress(...);
tabs ✕ · K&R ✕ · compressed ✕ · camelCase ✕ · pnseedIndex borrowed from Satoshi's pnSeed
void Config::parseNodeID(std::string configStr, ...)
{
if(configStr.size()<2) throw std::invalid_argument(...);
retKey= PubKeyUtils::fromStrKey(v.first);
4-space/Allman ◐ (clang-format) · compressed ✕ · commit voice "- to _" ✕
1995, PayMe (TCD-CS-96-21), age ~21, verbatim: "A prototype was implemented in a C++/Unix environment on a Sun workstation cluster." — coins · wallets · banks · signed receipts · double-spend DB · PgpTools/RSA/IDEA 2000, thesis: "The bank maintains a database of the serial numbers of all spent coins, to prevent double spending..." [Dai99] W. Dai. Crypto++: a C++ class library... [Sza96] N. Szabo. The mental accounting barrier...
British ● · no contractions ● · "we" ● · Windows NT rig ● · hash chain ×109 · "double spending" unhyphenated ✕ · protocol classes: BuyRequest, PayEndorse, ChainCore
∅ NO PUBLIC CORPUS EXISTS
The unfalsifiable column. One cryptic X post, June 2025.
Every measurable candidate — Hearn, Schwartz, McCaleb — compresses keywords and operators
(if(x), node=stack.top()).
Satoshi spaces them, every time, without one exception. Michael's code formatting is untested — meaning he
is the only live candidate who hasn't failed this test yet. Finding one page of his source settles more
than everything else combined.
Four documents, machine-measured: the thesis (113,099 words, solo), the whitepaper (3,518 words), the 1999 joint Peirce–O'Mahony paper (2,554 words), and a 2021 Tewari-group arXiv paper (4,958 words). Burrows-style delta on 48 function words, plus sentence architecture, punctuation, and discourse markers.
| Measure | Whitepaper (Satoshi) | Thesis (Michael Peirce) | Joint-99 | Tewari-21 | Read |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BURROWS Δ TO WHITEPAPER lower = closer |
— | 1.174 | 1.501 | 1.664 | ◐ Thesis is nominally the closest of the three lab documents — directionally favorable, statistically fragile (tiny comparison set, unequal sizes) |
| SENTENCE ARCHITECTURE | mean 28 words · 29% run >30w | mean 20.8 · 12% >30w | 20.8 · 17% | 19.7 · 10% | ✕ Satoshi builds long compound sentences; Michael writes short. Different rhythm |
| SEMICOLONS /1k | 3.70 — a semicolon user | 0.69 — nearly semicolon-free in 113k words | 0.00 | 1.41 | ✕ a genuine, stable habit difference |
| "AS LONG AS" /10k the whitepaper's signature conditional |
14.2 | 0.5 | 0 | 2.0 | ✕ Satoshi's load-bearing phrase is absent from Michael's idiom |
| "HOWEVER" /10k | 0 — never | 16.4 — heavy user (×171) | 3.9 | 22.2 | ✕ opposite connective habits |
| HYPHEN TELL, REPLICATED | "double-spend(ing)" hyphenated 6:1 | unhyphenated 59:0 | unhyphenated 3:0 | 0 uses | ✕ Michael's unhyphenated habit is stable across THREE documents spanning five years — 1995 PayMe 5:0, 1999 joint 3:0, 2000 thesis 59:0 — the mismatch is authorial, not accidental |
| BRITISH MARKERS | 1:0 | 111:10 | 0:0 | 0:14 (American) | ● still matches — and the 2021 lab paper going American shows the thesis's spelling was authorial choice, not house style |
A new falsification-first dossier tests Goldberg's pre-Bitcoin record through 31 October 2008. The primary record now confirms the HINDE collaboration with Ryan Lackey, deep DigiCash protocol work, direct exposure to Hashcash, a distributed pseudonymous-network design, and a 2007 C++ implementation that tolerates incorrect database replies. The same record is also unusually clear about the missing piece: e-cash and client puzzles remain separate anti-abuse tokens; the mint or organizational trust root remains authoritative; and no recovered design uses accumulated work to order conflicting spends or choose a canonical transaction history.
ganges.cs.tcd.ie/mepeirce/.
Look for PayMe pages, software links, code samples, "last updated" stamps after 2002.